According to the Prison Policy Initiative, the U.S. spends over $80 billion annually on corrections. Yet, this is just the tip of the iceberg when it comes to the hidden economy surrounding incarceration. From low-wage prison labor to the booming private prison industry and corporate contracts, this shadowy economic engine thrives on punishment—and taxpayers are footing the bill.
The United States has the highest incarceration rate in the world, with over 1.9 million people behind bars as of 2024. The criminal justice system touches the lives of nearly 70 million Americans who have a criminal record.
What Is the Prison Economy?
The prison economy refers to all the financial activity generated by incarceration, including government spending, corporate contracts, prison labor, and services used by inmates. This economy includes both public institutions and private corporations that profit from the incarceration of nearly 2 million people in the United States. While framed as a public service, incarceration has quietly become a multi-billion-dollar industry where money flows in every direction—except toward justice.
How is the Machinery of the Prison Economy Work?
The modern prison economy is built on five pillars: public spending, private prisons, prison labor, service contracts, and family fees. Together, they create a system where every arrest, conviction, and day behind bars translates into dollars for someone. Whether it’s a food supplier, telecom provider, or construction firm building a new jail, incarceration means business.
Government Spending and the Scale of Incarceration Costs
- $80.7 billion is spent annually by federal, state, and local governments.
- $33.5 billion goes to state prisons.
- $27.6 billion is spent on local jails.
- $9.5 billion on federal prisons.
These figures exclude funding for probation, parole, and re-entry programs, which add another $20 billion.
The Rise of Private Prisons and Their Business Model
Private prison companies like CoreCivic and GEO Group manage a sizable portion of the U.S. prison population. Their business model is simple: they get paid per inmate, per day. The more inmates they house, the more profit they earn. These companies made billions last year, but critics say they cut costs by underpaying staff and offering fewer programs for inmates.
Prison Labor: America’s Hidden Workforce
Prisoners work in:
- Manufacturing (furniture, textiles, license plates)
- Food processing
- Agriculture
- Call centers
- Wildfire fighting (especially in California)
Wages:
- Federal prisons: $0.12 to $1.15/hour
- State prisons: Some pay as little as $0.04/hour; many states pay nothing
Despite this, prison labor is a $2 billion/year industry.
Commissary, Phone Calls, and the Cost to Stay Connected
Prisoners and their families are often charged steep fees for basic services. A 15-minute phone call can cost up to $15, while simple hygiene items in commissaries are heavily marked up. Inmates must buy their own toothpaste, soap, and snacks—sometimes at prices that double or triple outside retail. These hidden costs pile up fast.
Why Does the Prison Economy Exist?
There are four major forces behind the growth of the prison economy:
1. Mass Incarceration Policies
The 1994 Crime Bill, mandatory minimum sentences, and “three strikes” laws increased prison populations dramatically.
- Between 1980 and 2020, the U.S. prison population increased 430%.
- 1 in 3 Black men born in 2001 is projected to face incarceration during their lifetime.
2. Incentives for Private Contractors
- Private prisons get paid per occupied bed.
- More inmates = more profit.
- Prison phone and commissary services are run by third-party corporations (like Securus Technologies and Keefe Group) with minimal regulation.
3. Corporate Lobbying
Private prison companies and service providers lobby for policies that favor longer sentences.
For example:
- CoreCivic spent $1.9 million on lobbying in 2022.
- GEO Group contributed over $800,000 to political campaigns.
4. Cheap Labor Alternative
Some companies utilize prison labor through Federal Prison Industries (UNICOR):
- Federal agencies are required to purchase from UNICOR when possible.
- Popular brands indirectly benefit through contractors.
Companies reportedly linked to prison labor include:
- Victoria’s Secret (historically)
- Whole Foods (before 2015)
- Boeing and IBM (through subcontractors)
Economic Impact on Inmates and Families
1. Inmate Wages Are Exploitative
- In 2022, the average wage across all prison labor was $0.86/hour.
- In 7 states, prisoners are not paid at all.
2. Family Costs Add Up
Families pay for:
- Phone calls
- Travel to prisons
- Legal support
- Commissary items
On average, families spend $13,000/year supporting an incarcerated loved one.That burden falls mostly on women, especially mothers and grandmothers.
Source: Ella Baker Center for Human Rights
3. Debt After Release
- Inmates may leave prison with “release debt” for room and board, medical care, or parole supervision.
- Post-release employment is hard to find due to criminal records and lack of skills.
Private Prisons vs Public Prisons
| Feature | Public Prisons | Private Prisons |
| Funding | Government-funded | Government contracts |
| Cost per Inmate | ~$31,000/year | ~$27,000/year (but cuts corners) |
| Accountability | Public oversight | Corporate accountability |
| Labor Opportunities | More regulated | Less oversight |
| Incentive Structure | Neutral | Profit from incarceration |
While private prisons may appear cheaper, they often reduce services, staff training, and medical care to cut costs—raising serious ethical concerns.
International Comparison
| Country | Incarceration Rate (per 100k) | Use of Prison Labor |
| United States | 530 | Extensive |
| Norway | 56 | Minimal |
| Germany | 76 | Paid fair wages |
| Brazil | 334 | Yes, mandatory |
| China | Unknown (data not public) | Yes, forced labor |
Nations with lower incarceration rates often focus on rehabilitation, not punishment. In Germany, prisoners must be paid fair wages for their labor, and the goal is reintegration, not exploitation.
Controversies and Criticism
Constitutional Debates
- The 13th Amendment abolished slavery except as punishment for a crime.
- Critics argue prison labor violates human rights under modern interpretation.
Conflict of Interest
- Judges, legislators, and corporations benefit from a growing prison population.
- There have been scandals involving “kids for cash” schemes where juvenile offenders were sentenced to prison for minor infractions to profit private prisons.
No Proven Public Benefit
- Recidivism rates remain high.
- Taxpayer burden remains unchanged.
- Families and communities are disproportionately harmed—especially communities of color.
The Future of Prison Economics
Reform Proposals
- Ban private prisons (already enacted in some states)
- Pay prisoners minimum wage for labor
- End for-profit prison contracts
- Reinvest in community programs
- Ban lobbying by prison companies
- Remove 13th Amendment loophole
Promising Legislation
- The Federal Prison Oversight Act (2024) would improve transparency.
- Several state-level initiatives are pushing for “Prison Labor Justice” bills.
What Can You Do?
- Vote on local justice reform initiatives.
- Support organizations like the ACLU, Prison Policy Initiative, and Vera Institute.
- Push corporations to audit and remove prison labor from supply chains.
- Call for legislative change at state and federal levels.
Final Thought
The prison economy is a well-oiled machine that turns people’s pain into profit. It is built on cheap labor, corporate contracts, and political inertia. Reforming it isn’t just a financial issue—it’s a moral one. We must decide whether justice means punishment or restoration, and whether prisons exist to serve people or to exploit them.
FAQs
Who profits the most from the prison economy?
Private prison corporations, telecom companies, and third-party service vendors like commissary contractors are the biggest beneficiaries.
Is prison labor considered slavery?
Under the 13th Amendment, forced labor in prisons is technically legal. However, many consider it modern-day slavery, especially when prisoners earn pennies per hour.
What brands use prison labor?
Some well-known companies, directly or through subcontractors, have used prison labor historically, including Boeing, McDonald’s (through suppliers), Victoria’s Secret, and Walmart.
